Social development encompasses the advancement and betterment of human well-being within a society. It entails a wide range of improvements that contribute to the overall quality of life, addressing not only economic factors but also social, cultural, and environmental dimensions. Social development emphasizes the empowerment of individuals and communities, ensuring their active participation in decision-making processes that affect their lives. This concept emphasizes the reduction of inequalities, the promotion of social justice, and the creation of an inclusive and supportive environment for all members of society. It involves enhancing access to education, healthcare, housing, and essential services, while also fostering opportunities for skill development and employment. Social development aims to create a cohesive society where people have the chance to lead dignified lives, free from discrimination and exclusion. At its core, social development recognizes that human progress cannot be measured solely by economic growth. It underscores the importance of addressing social issues, promoting human rights, and establishing an equitable society where everyone has the opportunity to thrive. Social development strategies often involve collaboration among governments, organizations, and communities to ensure that the benefits of development are accessible to all segments of society.
The document discusses the concept of human development. It defines human development as development that enlarges people's choices and improves their lives. The basic goal is to create conditions where people can live meaningful lives with purpose. There are four pillars of human development: equity, sustainability, productivity, and empowerment. Countries are classified based on their human development index (HDI) scores as having very high, high, medium, or low human development. The HDI measures health, education, and income to assess countries' human resource development.
The document discusses social stratification and the caste system in India. It begins by defining social stratification as a society's categorization of people into hierarchies based on factors like wealth, income, education and power. In India, the caste system is the classic example of social stratification, dividing Hindus into four varnas or classes - Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras. It provides details on the historical roles and status of each caste. While the caste system is now illegal, stratification continues to influence Indian society and positive discrimination policies have been implemented to help lower castes.
Social control refers to the ways in which societies influence individuals to conform to social norms and maintain social order. There are formal and informal mechanisms of social control. Formal mechanisms include laws, the state, education, administration and religion which use coercion. Informal mechanisms are folkways, mores, the family, neighborhood and public opinion which influence individuals through social norms. Social control is necessary for orderly social life and the preservation of social structures and individual identities within society.
Urban health - issues and challenges. Kindly note that this presentation focusses more specifically on the Indian scenario even though the concepts are applicable everywhere
Demography is the scientific study of human populations and their characteristics. It deals with five key demographic processes: size, distribution, structure, change (through births, deaths, and migration), and characteristics like ethnicity, economic status, and more. Data comes from sources like censuses, surveys, vital event registration, and demographic studies. India's population as of 2011 was over 1.2 billion, with a density of 382 per square km and urbanization increasing. Key indicators include crude birth rate, death rate, growth rate, sex ratio, dependency ratio, and life expectancy.
The document outlines several factors that influence social change: 1. Natural factors such as natural disasters can disrupt social systems. Cultural factors like changes in beliefs, values, and marriage customs also influence social life. 2. Science and technology are now the most important factors, as new inventions and technologies impact social life. Biological factors like changes in human characteristics and new generations also affect social change. 3. Demographic factors like population increases or decreases bring social problems. Socio-economic factors like changes in production and distribution influence social organization. Geographical factors such as climate and natural resources availability impact socio-economic activities and the speed of social change.