OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit - Key Figures
•
1 like•5,845 views
This presentation comprises key figures included in the OECD publication Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit released on 7 September 2023. The full publication and context can be found at oe.cd/gicp.
Report
Share
OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit - Key Figures
- 1. OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit Key figures…
- 2. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Gather data to understand when and how diverse groups of people are harmed disproportionately by anti-competitive behaviours. Use surveys to better understand consumer behaviour. Tailor remedies to correct or offset harm to a specific disadvantaged group. Consider gender diversity in cartel investigations. Include gender considerations in compliance and advocacy. Consider diversity and inclusion at the institutional level of competition authorities. Target stakeholder engagement to ensure inclusivity. Consider gender in prioritisation decisions. Apply a gender lens to ex-post evaluation. Apply a gender lens to market definition and competitive effects analysis. 1 1 2 3 10 ways to apply a gender lens to competition policy Source: OECD (2023), Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/0d789043-en. OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit
- 3. Sources to consider for the application of a gender lens in merger reviews Source: Adapted from Pinheiro et al. (2021, p. 10[4]), Gender considerations in the analysis of market definition and competitive effects: A practical framework and illustrative example, https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/gender-inclusive-competition-proj-2-analysis-market-definition-and-competitive-effects.pdf. OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit Relevant product characteristics Customer identity Consumer behaviour Transaction- level data Data from merging parties on relevant product characteristics and sales location/channel information in any sales data. Data from merging parties on the gender of the purchaser or their given name (to infer the likely gender). Historical information on changes in prices and changes in quantities purchased can be used to calculate demand elasticities. Survey data Data collected via websites Other information from merging parties In addition to collecting current pricing data, relevant product characteristics could be extracted from product descriptions. User reviews may contain information on gender or names; non-public information on the account holder and/or other products purchased may also be obtained. Non-public information on other similar products viewed but not purchased may help determine the degree of substitutability across products. Internal documents that can help inform potential gendered nature of the product. Any market studies that may be informative of the breakdown of purchasers along gender lines. Any documents that may be informative of the tactics used to sell the products. Determine which product characteristics or sales locations/channels are preferred by consumers of each gender. Surveys may be used to combine information on gender with other relevant information (e.g., product characteristics or aspects of consumer behaviour). Collect information on switching behaviour of consumers (i.e., frequency of changes in purchasing patterns due to changes in prices, features, or other factors). i
- 4. Supply-side factors and checklist Note: 1. Economic research shows that there are gender differences in risk preferences, competitive preferences, and altruism. See Croson, Rachel and Uri Gneezy (2009, pp. 448-474[5]), “Gender Differences in Preferences.” Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 47, No. 2, pp. 448 474. Source: Adapted from Pinheiro et al. (2021, pp. 8-9[4]), Gender considerations in the analysis of market definition and competitive effects: A practical framework and illustrative example, https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/gender- inclusive-competition-proj-2-analysis-market-definition-and-competitive-effects.pdf. OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit Product Sales Channel Colour Feature Size 3 To find if a product has been gender-targeted, check if there are differences in... Brand Aesthetic Packaging Description Sales Channel Sales Representative Location of Store specific features of the product risk profiles 1 brand aesthetics, packaging or descriptions of the product placement of advertisements (types of websites, print or digital media, physical locations for advertising) audience in the advertisements (targeting a specific gender e.g., only feature women using the product in their advertisements) where and how the products are sold (e.g., online distributors, private sales) location of the stores where the products are located within stores the product alongside other suggested products, especially In digital markets Supply-Side Checklist A product or its variants can be targeted to a specific gender. This can be due to: This can be confirmed by collecting data on the relevant product characteristics. Product Marketing 2 Product Attributes 1 Supply-Side Factors
- 5. Demand-side factors and checklist Source: Pinheiro et al. (2021, pp. 8-9[4]), Gender considerations in the analysis of market definition and competitive effects: A practical framework and illustrative example, https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/gender-inclusive-competition-proj-2-analysis-market-definition-and-competitive-effects.pdf. OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit Demand-Side Checklist The majority of consumers - or those making the purchase decision - are of the same gender Consumers exhibit different behaviour along gender lines (i.e., have different elasticities of demand) Are the majority of consumers of the same gender? To determine if gender influences consumer behaviour, answer the following: Are there differences in behaviour along gender lines in: brand loyalty? location where male vs female consumers purchase goods? frequency of purchases? Are there differences price elasticities of demand? Demand-Side Factors Consumers within the same market may behave differently according to their gender. This can be confirmed by collecting data on gender identity of consumers and consumer behaviour by gender Behaviour of consumers 2 Gender of consumers 1
- 6. Framework for assessing firms’ ability to differentiate by gender Source: Based on Oxera (2021, p. 8[6]), Gender in competition analysis, 7 October 2021, https://www.slideshare.net/OECD-DAF/oecd-gender-inclusive-competition-policy- project-key-findings-from-oxera-on-gender-differences-in-surveys-for-market-definition-and-merger-analysis-october-2021. OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit Does a firm have the ability to differentiate between genders? Separate relevant markets or relevant effects Can the firm profitably raise prices for all costumers? YES NO able to product differentiate able to price differentiate depends on the size of the two groups depends on the price sensitivity of the two groups
- 7. Key findings from survey review Source: Adapted from Oxera (2021[7]), Gender differences in surveys for market definition and merger analysis, https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/gender-inclusive-competition- proj-1-gender-differences-in-surveys-for-market-definition-and-merger-analysis.pdf. OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit Key findings Potential implications Holidays Health insurance Women are more likely to switch insurance if their preferred treatment centre is not covered. Sports channel subscriptions Grocery stores The bargaining power of insurance providers with treatment centres is weaker when it comes to female treatments. Men and women had different watching behaviour for sports channels. There were differences in diversion ratios and types of products purchased in grocery stores. Women had a lower degree of substitutability for packaged holidays when compared to men. The illustrative price rise (IPR) suggests different incentives for the merged parties to raise prices. The provider may be able to increase prices for packages targeting female consumers. Remedies would be effective for female subscribers (as they see the services as substitutes), whereas men see them as complementary. Age was also an important factor. If it can distinguish between male and female consumers, this could lead to increased prices for female consumers. Women are less likely to compare separate components for holidays against pre-package holidays.
- 8. Options for authorities to track gender representation OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit Work-related area Options for increasing representation Opportunities to represent the competition authority Task assignment Mentoring Training and development Consider tracking who is sent to events, speaking engagements and high-level meetings. Provide future opportunities to those who have not had them in the past. 1 2 3 Consider tracking who is mentored. Consider who gets assigned high profile files. Provide opportunities to those who have not represented the authority. Consider tracking who is offered training and development opportunities, including funded opportunities. Offer unconscious bias or other gender-related training to staff. Provide future mentorship opportunities to those who have not had them in the past. Consider implementing a formal mentoring program for women. Consider who is assigned interesting work vs “housekeeping” work. Source: OECD (2023), Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/0d789043-en.
- 9. Also available in French & Spanish Access the OECD Gender Inclusive Competition Toolkit oe.cd/gicp