Gen-AI-treGenerative AI: Key trend differences between 2023 and 2024nds2023vs...SoftServe HRM
The document discusses predictions for generative AI capabilities and adoption in 2023 and 2024. In 2023, AI models are predicted to create high-quality videos from text with realistic elements, while issues with cost and rendering may limit video quality. Early adoption of generative AI is also expected in political campaigns, media, design, AR, and specialized tasks. Advancements in cloud technologies are anticipated to enable larger, more capable generative AI models. By 2024, a leap in video editing/production and expansion of multimodal/proactive AI is predicted, along with extensive generative AI use across industries and a focus on energy efficiency and ethical AI development.
Conflict of interest presentation phD 2024drxrajdeep
8.2 Conflicts of Interest
8.2.1 What Is a Conflict of Interest?
The classical situation in which a researcher’s decision-making may be compro
mised because of certain financial interests is called a conflict of interest
(COI). Conflicts of interest are more common in the bio-medical and pharmaceuti
cal sciences, where large financial gains are at stake, and the development of new
medication is a costly affair. In the social sciences, financial conflicts of interest do
exist but the temptations differ from those of the bio-medical and pharmaceutical
science.
Let’s start with an example from the pharmaceutical sciences. Resnik (1998)
cites a classic case of a scientist who researched the effects of a certain medication
on the alleviation of common cold symptoms. The scientist also owned stock in a
company that produced the same medication he was researching (a tablet of zinc
lozenges). When their findings showed a positive result, the company’s stock soared,
from which the researcher benefited. This raised a serious question: Was the
researcher’s scientific judgement being influenced by the expectation of a finan
cial profit?
In the social sciences, direct financial gains are rarer. Rather, the problem lies
in indirect gains, having to do with the formation of dependency on the research
itself. Soudijn (2012) quotes the case of a Dutch psychologist, who set up a project
offering help to clients suffering from phobias. The clients received free treatment
(in the form of experimental therapy, given by his students) on the condition that
they agreed to participate in the research project. Thus, the clients became reliant
on the research as a means of free therapy. These dependency relationships obfus
cate the research project to the point that by today’s standards, the data would no
longer be considered valid, and although the research participants did not profit
from the research financially, financial gains (free therapy for the client) posed a
COI in this case.
Whether these influences actually impair a researcher’s judgement is not of
importance in our understanding of a COI. It is the potential to cloud or impair
judgement that defines the problem.
In any conflict of interest, objectivity as one of sciences’ key values is at stake:
• How do I know your conclusions are not biased?
• How can I trust your judgement?
In the coming sections, we discuss cases from within the social sciences where
differing financial interests were at stake to differing degrees (Box 8.2). Note that
not every situation with financial interests at stake automatically leads to a conflict
of interest. Furthermore, it can be difficult to establish whether a researcher acts in
bad faith or not.
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8.2 Conflicts of Interest
Box 8.2: Funding Bias
Often regarded as a specific form of COI, the term funding bias indicates the
tendency found in scientific studies to support the interests of the study’s
f
inancial sponsor. Funding bias is
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