FIGO staging of endometrial cancer 2023.ppt
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The document summarizes revisions to the FIGO staging system for endometrial cancer in 2023. Key changes include distinguishing aggressive from non-aggressive histological subtypes and assessing lymphovascular space invasion. The revised system incorporates prognostic molecular markers like POLE mutations and p53 abnormalities. Stage I is now restricted to non-invasive tumors. Stage IA3 includes some ovarian involvement by low-grade endometrial cancer. The revisions aim to better stratify patients by risk to guide treatment decisions.
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FIGO staging of endometrial cancer 2023.ppt
- 1. FIGO staging of endometrial cancer: 2023 Dr. Seena Tresa Samuel Pathologist
- 4. • Histopathological findings are central features of the 2023 revision of the FIGO staging of endometrial carcinoma. • Histological tumor type is an important prognostic predictor in endometrial carcinoma. • Revised FIGO staging, • Non-aggressive histological types - low-grade (grades 1 and 2) EECs • Aggressive histological types -high-grade EECs (grade 3), SC, CCC, MC, UC, CS, and mesonephric-like and gastrointestinal type mucinous carcinomas.
- 5. Lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) • LVSI is an independent and strong prognostic factor for the recurrence of endometrial carcinom • LVSI should be assessed at the invasive front of the tumor. • LVSI -three categories: • “LVSI negative” (0 vessels); • “LVSI focal” (<5 vessels); • or “LVSI substantial/extensive” (≥5 vessels).
- 6. • MELF invasion- loss of the conventional glandular architecture. • Attenuated neoplastic cells with a squamous or vacuolated appearance are lined by flattened, endothelial-like, cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm. • Can appear as microcysts or compressed elongated structures. • Surrounded by myxoid and inflamed stroma
- 7. Cervical stromal invasion • Cervical stromal invasion is subjected to significant inter-observer variation. • Any invasion of the cervical stroma, identified at the level of or deeper than a benign endocervical crypt, should be considered cervical stromal invasion. • Cervical glandular extension is not considered for staging.
- 8. Adnexal involvement • High-grade tumors - ovarian involvement is almost always categorized as metastatic. • However, for low-grade EECs, the situation is complex. • Recent molecular studies - clonal relationship between the endometrial and ovarian tumor in the vast majority of cases • Suggesting that the tumor arises in the endometrium,and secondarily extends to the ovary. • This clonal relationship is not always concordant with the clinical outcomes expected of metastatic endometrial carcinoma
- 9. • Revised 2023 FIGO staging for endometrial carcinoma establishes the category of Stage IA3 when the following criteria are met in a low-grade EEC: (1) No more than superficial myometrial invasion is present (<50%) (2) Absence of substantial LVSI (3) Absence of additional metastases (4) The ovarian tumor is unilateral, limited to the ovary, without capsule invasion/breach (equivalent to pT1a). The cases not fulfilling these criteria should be interpreted as extensive spread of the endometrial carcinoma to the ovary (Stage IIIA1).
- 10. • Tumor involvement of the fallopian tube should also be recorded and staged as IIIA1. • Tubal involvement by endometrial carcinoma in the form of intramucosal spread has controversial prognostic significance, without strong scientific evidence.
- 11. Uterine serosal involvement • Uterine serosal involvement is defined as a tumor reaching submesothelial Fibroconnective tissue or the mesothelial layer, regardless of whether tumor cells may or may not be present on the serosal surface of the uterus.
- 12. Lymph node status • Lymph node status is an important prognostic factor for endometrial carcinoma. • Macrometastases – larger than 2 mm • Micrometastases - 0.2–2mm in size and/or more than 200 cells • Isolated tumor cells -up to 0.2 mm in size and up to 200 cells. • A finding of isolated tumor cells does not upstage a carcinoma. • Ultrastaging is recommended for the analysis of sentinel lymph nodes.
- 13. Molecular classification • The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) classifies endometrial carcinomas into (1) POLE/ultramutated – • somatic inactivating hotspot mutations in the POLE exonuclease domain • very high mutational burden (ultramutated) • Irrespective of grade, POLE mutated tumors have an excellent prognosis (2) Microsatellite instability-high/hypermutated- • Characterized by EECs or undifferentiated carcinomas with microsatellite instability • Intermediate prognosis
- 14. Molecular classification (3) Somatic copy-number alteration high/serous like (SCNA-high) • Low mutation rate and nearly universal (95%) TP53 mutations • Highly unfavorable prognosis. • Most of these tumors are serous carcinomas, but up to 25% are endometrioid (mostly high-grade) and carcinosarcomas (4) Somatic copy-number alteration low (SCNA-low) • Includes EECs and CCCs with low copy—number • Histological grade impact the prognosis.
- 15. • TCGA molecular-based classification can be applied to clinical practice, by using a simplified surrogate that includes 3 IHC markers (p53, MSH6, and PMS2) and one Molecular test (analysis for pathogenic POLE mutations). • The performance of complete molecular classification is encouraged in all cases of endometrial carcinoma for prognostic risk-group stratification and as potential influencing factors for adjuvant or systemic treatment decisions.
- 16. • POLEmut group may benefit from de-escalation of postoperative adjuvant therapy because of the consistently better outcome . • p53abn has a much worse prognosis- increased intensive therapy may be of benefit.
- 17. • Small subset of tumors (approx.5%) combine more than one molecular feature – “multiple classifiers.” • POLEmut or MMRd and secondary p53 abnormality They should not be classified as p53abn, because they retain the favorable prognosis of POLEmut or MMRd tumors. • Patients with both POLEmut and p53abn should be considered POLEmut. • Patients with both MMRd and p53abn should be considered MMRd. • Both POLEmut and MMRd- screening for Lynch syndrome should be considered.
- 18. 2023 revised FIGO staging system
- 19. Stage 1 • Major changes to Stage I. • Stage I is restricted to tumors confined to the uterine corpus • Characterized by non-aggressive histological types(i.e. low-grade EEC). • Absence of substantial/extensive LVSI or • Aggressive histological types without myometrial invasion.
- 21. • The rationale for establishing these categories is evidence-based. • Endometrial carcinomas limited to endometrial polyps or confined to the endometrium (any histology subtypes) are associated with a good prognosis. • A significant proportion (≥40%) of high-grade tumors (particularly serous carcinomas) assumed to be limited to a polyp or the endometrium have occult lymph node and/or peritoneal involvement • Low-grade EECs are associated with a good prognosis when they are limited to the uterine corpus and there is no LVSI or focal LVSI
- 23. Stage 3- The tumor has spread locally or regionally 2009 FIGO 2023 FIGO (Previously IV B)
- 29. FIGO staging with molecular classification • In early endometrial cancer, the presence of pathogenic POLE mutations or of p53 abnormalities now modifies the FIGO stage. • For Stage I and II tumors POLEmut endometrial carcinoma, confined to the uterine corpus or with cervical extension, regardless of the degree of LVSI or histological type, is now classified as Stage IAmPOLEmut. p53abn endometrial carcinoma confined to the uterine corpus with any myometrial invasion, with or without cervical invasion and regardless of the degree of LVSI, is classified as Stage IICmp53abn
- 30. • Unusual situation- when a low-gradeEEC confined to the uterus is p53abn The tumor is upstaged to IIC2mp53abn. • In the case of multiple classifiers with POLEmut or MMRd and secondary p53 abnormality, tumors should be considered as POLEmut or MMRd, and staged accordingly. • Advanced endometrial cancer stage based on surgical and/or clinicopathological features is not altered after additional molecular characterization.