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This document discusses low power dual edge triggered static flip-flops. It begins by explaining how increasing clock frequency increases power consumption. It then introduces dual edge triggered flip-flops (DETFFs) which can capture data on both the rising and falling clock edges, allowing the clock frequency to be doubled without increasing power. The document presents the structure of conventional DETFFs and a proposed new static DETFF design using parallel positive and negative latches with a multiplexer to select the appropriate sampled data value. Simulation results show the new design achieves lower power and higher speed compared to previous DETFF approaches.
This document describes the design and implementation of a universal shift register (USR) in Verilog. It includes: 1) A block diagram and description of a USR that can perform shift left, shift right, and parallel load operations using D flip-flops and 4-to-1 multiplexers. 2) The Verilog code for the USR module using D flip-flop and 4-to-1 multiplexer submodules. 3) The test bench and simulation results verifying the USR functionality.
The document discusses techniques for measuring resistivity and mapping resistivity variations across semiconductor wafers. It begins by defining resistivity and listing typical resistivity values for different materials. It then describes two common measurement techniques: two-point probe and four-point probe. Four-point probe is more accurate as it eliminates lead and contact resistance. Factors that affect measurement accuracy like sample size, carrier injection, and probe spacing are also covered. The document concludes by explaining techniques for wafer mapping like double implant, modulated photoreflectance, and optical densitometry.