physical education class 12 chapter 1

unit :- 1
Management of Sports
Events
Submitted To :- Vijay Porwal Sir
Submitted By :- Mayank Patel

Functions of sports event management : -
• Meaning of sports management :-
• Managements is the process of involving planning, organizing,
evaluating, and controlling human efforts to achieve stated
objectives an organization .

TOURNAMENT & FIXTURES :-
• Tournament is a competition involving relatively large number of
competitors, all participating in a sports or game. It is a series of contests
with several rounds in which many contestants compete, individually or
as a team to decide the winner.
• Fixtures are the schedules fixed for the matches to be played, their time,
place, Court, Ground number and date etc. There are many types of
fixtures that are fixed according to time, Grounds, equipment, officials,
facilities and teams participating etc.

Types of tournaments
•Knockout or elimination tournament.
•Combination tournament.
•Challenge tournament.
•League or Round Robin tournament.

KNOCKOUT TOURNAMENT :-
• WHAT IS KNOCKOUT TOURNAMENT ?
ANS :- A single-elimination, knockout, or sudden death
tournament is a type of elimination tournament where the
loser of each match-up is immediately eliminated from the
tournament. Each winner will play another in the next round,
until the final match-up, whose winner becomes the tournament
champion.

Advantage and disadvantage of knockout
tournament :-
• Advantages of Knock-out Tournaments
1. Minimum number of officials are required in organizing tournaments.
2. Owing to less number of matches so it takes less time to complete the tournaments.
3. It helps in enhancing the standard of sports.
• Disadvantages of Knock-out Tournaments
1. Good teams can get eliminated because of their poor performance even in first round.
2. There are maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final round

BYE :-
• WHAT IS BYE ?
• A bye is a privilege offered to a team in the initial rounds
of a game because of which that team gets exempted
from playing in the first round and directly enters the
second round.

FIXTURES
• Any tournament whether it is knock-out or league, is arranged according to a set
procedure which is known as fixture. For knock-out tournament, the procedure to draw
fixture is through bye and seeding. For league tournaments, the procedure to draw fixture
is through staircase and cyclic method.
• Fixture is the process of arranging the teams in systematic order in various groups for
competition in a physical activity. In other words, it is the set-up of various teams for
competitive matches where they play in a systematic order as per the fixture schedule.
The success of a tournament depends upon planning of suitable fixture. Tournaments are
played in various forms of fixtures.

• Fixtures in Knock-out Tournament
• In a knock-out tournament, the fixtures are drawn by the following methods
• 1. Seeding Method
• Seeding is a procedure by which good teams are placed in fixtures in such a
way that stronger teams do not meet each other at the very start of a
tournament. It is done to overdone the drawbacks of a single knock-out
tournament. Seeding can be done only if the standards of the teams are
known before the start of the tournament. The draw may result between the
strong competitors at early level competition, so they are ‘seeded’ to prevent
this.

Special Seeding
It is a method of seeding in which the players or teams directly participate in the
quarter final or semi-final matches thus avoiding their participation in the initial
rounds .

Method of Drawing Fixtures in Knock-out
Tournament :-
•
In order to draw fixtures in a knock-out tournament, following things are essential to calculate
• 1. Total Number of Matches It means the total number of matches that will be played during the
entire tournament. The number of matches to be played is calculated by subtracting 1 from total
number of teams (N – 1).
Suppose total teams are 11 so matches to be played during the tournament are 10 (11 – 1).
• 2. Number of Rounds It means the total number of rounds that should be played during the
tournament. Rounds will include the initial rounds, quarter finals, semi finals and finals. If the
number of teams is a power of 2, then number of rounds will exactly be multiple of 2 up to that
number .

STEPS OF KNOCKOUT FIXTURE AND
GIVING BYE :-
Method of Drawing Fixtures :-
We use the power of two to determine the drawing of fixtures for
a certain number of participating teams, e.g., 2, 22, 23, 24, 25,
26…, etc., i.e., 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,… If 16 teams enter a
tournament, there will be no byes, resulting in 16 – 16 = 0.

3. Number of teams in each half
All the teams are divided into two halves for the sake of convenience. If the number of teams is even, then the
number of teams in upper and lower half will be equal i.e Total teams 20 then apply the formulae N2
Number of teams in upper half
N2=202=10
Number of teams in lower half
N2=202=10
If the number of tearms is odd ,then applyN+12 for upper half and N−12
Example : Total teams = 15
N+12=15+12=8
N−12=15−12=8

4. Number of byes
Teams getting the byes do not play in the initial round. They are given by subtracting the number of
teams by the next power of 2.
Example 1 : Total number of teams =19
Next power of two after 19 = 32
Power of two – 21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8, 24 = 16, 25 = 32
therefore number of byes will be 32 – 19 =13

Example 1 A fixture of 19 teams on knock-out
basis.
Total matches = N – 1 = 19 – 1 = 18
N+12=19+12=202=10 teams
N−12=19−12=182=9 teams
Total number of byes
= Next power of two – Total number of teams = 32 –
19=13 byes
Number of byes in upper half
Totalnumberofbyes−12
i.e[Nb−12]=13−12=122=6byes
Number of byes in lower half
=Totalnumberofbyes+12
[Nb+12]=13+12=142=7byes

LEAGUE TOURNAMENT :-
2. League or Round Robin Tournaments
A league tournament, also called as round robin tournament, is a type of tournament in which each contestant meets all other
contestants in turn. In this type of tournament, there has to be sufficient time to complete the tournament.
There are two types of league tournaments
1.Single league
2.Double league
In a single league round robin schedule, each participant plays with every other participant once. If each participant plays with
others timely, this is frequently called a round robin double league tournament.
1.Single League Number of matches =N(N−1)2 (N = Number of teams)
2.Double League Number of matches = N (N-1) (N = Number of teams)

Fixtures in League Tournaments :-
The three methods used for drawing up fixtures are
1. Staircase method
2. Cyclic Method
3. Tabular Method

1. Staircase Method
In this method, the fixtures are made like a staircase. It is arranged in sequential form, there is no bye, no
problem of odd or even and therefore it is easiest to arrange. An example will illustrate this method.
Example : Draw up a fixture of 9 teams on Round Robin basis using staircase method.
The number of teams = 9
Thus, number of matches
N(N−1)2=9(9−1)2=9×82=36matches
The fixture is given below

2. Cyclic Method
In this method, if the number of teams is even (i.e. 4, 6, 8, ….), team 1 is fixed on the top right side and
the other teams move in clockwise direction down one side of a rectangle and up on the other side. In
such a case, the number of rounds will be N-1 if there are N teams participating. However, if the
number of teams is odd (i.e. 3, 5, 7,….), a ‘bye’ is fixed at the top and all teams follow it in sequence. In
such a case, the number of rounds will be N.
Example 1 Fixture of 6 teams on cyclic method .
Total number of teams = 6
Total number of matches = N(N−1)2=6(6−1)2=15
Total number of rounds = N – 1 = 5

Intramurals :-
•
The word intramural is derived from the Latin words intra and muros, which means ‘within walls’.
The teams compete within the walls of the institution e.g. inter-class or inter-house tournament
within an institution.
The objectives of intramurals are as follows
• To provide incentive, motivation and opportunity to learn various skills.
• To develop sportsman spirit among students.
• To help in recreation of the students.
• To improve-social interaction among the students.

Extramurals :-
•
This encloses the activities which are performed outside the walls of the institution or school. It means that students of two or more
schools participate in such competitions.
• The objectives of extramural are :-
• To improve the standard of sports.
• To provide experience to students.
• To develop sportsmanship and fraternity.
• To broaden the base of sports.
• To provide the knowledge of new rules and advanced techniques.

physical education class 12 chapter 1

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physical education class 12 chapter 1