Readings in Philippine history for 1st year college
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This document provides an overview of key concepts for studying history, including: - The importance of asking questions like what, who, where, when, how and why during historical research. - The different types of sources used in history, including primary sources created during or near the time being studied, secondary sources which analyze primary sources, and tertiary sources which are further removed. - Guidelines for evaluating the reliability and credibility of sources, such as considering factors like whether sources agree, proximity to events, corroboration, and potential for bias. The document outlines steps to take if sources contradict each other.
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Readings in Philippine history for 1st year college
- 1. Readings in Philippine History Mr. Rovenick E. Tundag, LPT
- 2. UNIT 1: Meaning and relevance of History Chapter I: History and Historical Research Chapter II: Sources of History
- 11. HISTORY
- 16. Necessary & Sufficient -When certain necessary factors are in place, additional factors are sufficient to cause the event to occur For example: It was necessary for Iraq, under Saddam Hussein’s megalomaniacal dictatorship, to have had weapons of mass destruction in the past that were actually used on thousands of Iraqi citizens. It was sufficient for the USA to believe that he still had those weapons for the invasion to have been deemed necessary.
- 17. Historians must ask many questions during their research. Asking WHAT, WHO, WHERE, WHEN, HOW, AND WHY “Mare unsay latest?”
- 24. To ourselves
- 30. To our Future
- 34. We ask these questions WHAT, WHO, WHERE, WHEN, HOW, AND WHY “Mare unsay latest?”
- 47. Primary sources should be used whenever available. A primary source is an ORIGINAL item such as an image, document, map, artifact, or recording that provides evidence about the past.
- 48. Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary Sources Primary sources directly address your topic and often provide information that is unavailable elsewhere. On the other hand, some primary sources, such as eyewitness accounts, may be too close to the subject, lacking a critical distance. Others, such as interviews, surveys, and experiments, are time consuming to prepare, administer, and analyze.
- 49. A secondary source means through which a primary source is presented. For example, an article describing an original document is a secondary source as it is written to present or include information about the primary source Sometimes, an item can be either a primary source or a secondary source, depending on how it is used.
- 50. Advantages and Disadvantages of Secondary Sources Secondary sources provide a variety of expert perspectives and insights. Also, peer review usually ensures the quality of sources such as scholarly articles. Finally, researching secondary sources is more efficient than planning, conducting, and analyzing certain primary sources. In contrast, because secondary sources are not necessarily focused on your specific topic, you may have to dig to find applicable information. Information may be colored by the writer’s own bias or faulty approach.
- 51. Tertiary Sources Tertiary sources provide third-hand information by reporting ideas and details from secondary source. This does not mean that tertiary sources have no value, merely that they include the potential for an additional layer of bias.
- 52. Advantages and Disadvantages of Tertiary Sources Tertiary sources offer a quick, easy introduction to your topic. They may point to high-quality primary and secondary sources. Conversely, because of their distance, tertiary sources may oversimplify or otherwise distort a topic. By rehashing secondary sources, they may miss new insights into a topic.
- 53. Primary Sources Secondary Sources • Created at the time of an event, or very soon after • Created by someone who saw or heard an event themselves • Often one-of-a-kind, or rare • Letters, diaries, photos and newspapers (can all be primary sources) • Created after event; sometimes a long time after something happened • Often uses primary sources as examples • Expresses an opinion or an argument about a past event • History text books, historical movies and bibliographies (can all be secondary sources)
- 55. Autobiographies- is an account of a person’s life written by that person. Memoirs- is a history or record composed from personal observation and experience.
- 56. Diaries- a form of autobiographical writing, is a regularly kept record of the diarist’s activities and reflections. Personal Letter- is a type of letter that usually concerns personal matters and is sent from one individual.
- 57. Correspondence- is a body of letters or communications.
- 58. Interviews- a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. Survey- a list of questions aimed at extracting specific data from a particular group of people. Fieldwork- is the collection of information outside a laboratory, library and workplace setting.
- 59. Photographs and Posters- they can be considered as primary sources because they can illustrate past events as they happened and people as they were at a particular time
- 60. Paintings- a form of visual art where paint or ink is used on a canvas Drawings- a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Literature- a body of written works.
- 61. Speeches and oral histories- a form of communication in spoken language, made by a speaker before an audience for a given purpose.
- 63. 1. Bibliographies 2. Bibliographical works 3. Periodicals 4. Literature reviews and review articles
- 65. 1. General references such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, and atlas 2. Crowd sources Wikipedia, YouTube, message boards, and social media sites like Twitter and Facebook 3. Search sites
- 66. Repositories of Primary Sources: • A library- is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing.
- 67. An archive- is an accumulation of historical records or the physical place they are located.
- 68. A Museum- is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance.
- 69. A historical society- in an organization dedicated to preserving, collecting, researching, and implementing historical information or items.
- 70. Document Collection -is used in historical research and in other research designs in combination with other ways of data collection.
- 72. 1. External Criticism – refers to genuineness of the documents a researcher uses in a historical study
- 73. Questions to establish the genuineness of a document or relic: • Does the language and writing style conform to the period in question and is it typical of other work done by the author?
- 74. Questions to establish the genuineness of a document or relic: • Is there evidence that the author exhibits ignorance of things or events that man of his training and time should have known?
- 75. Questions to establish the genuineness of a document or relic: • Did he report about things, events, or places that could not have been known during the period?
- 76. 2. Internal Criticism-refers to the accuracy of the concerns of a document.
- 77. Questions to check the content of a source of information: What was meant by the author by each word and statement? How much credibility can the author’s statements be given? What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)?
- 78. General Principles for Determining Reliability
- 79. Human sources may be relics such as a fingerprint; or narratives such as a statement of a letter. Relics are more credible sources than narratives.
- 80. Any given source may be forged or corrupted. Strong indications of the originality of the source increase its reliability.
- 81. The closer a source is to the event which it purports to describe, the more one can trust it to give an accurate historical description of what actually happened.
- 82. An eyewitness is more reliable than testimony at second hand, which is more reliable than hearsay at further remove, and so on.
- 83. If a number of independent sources contain the same message, the credibility of the message is strongly increased.
- 84. The tendency of a source is its motivation for providing some kind of bias. Tendencies should be minimized or supplemented with opposite motivations.
- 85. If it can be demonstrated that the witness or source has indirect interest in creating bias than the credibility of the message is increased.
- 86. Contradictory Sources What if your sources are contradicting each other? What do you do?
- 87. The seven-step procedure of source criticism in history by Bernheim and Langlois & Seignobos: 1. If the sources all agree about an event, historians can consider the event proved.
- 88. 2. However, majority does not rule; even is most sources relate events in one way, that version will not prevail unless it passes the text of critical textual analysis.
- 89. 3. The sources whose account can be confirmed by reference to outside authorities in some of its parts can be trusted in its entirety if it is impossible similarly to confirm the entire text.
- 90. 4. When two sources disagree on a particular point, the historian will prefer the source with most “authority”- that is the source created by the expert or by the eyewitness.
- 91. 5. Eyewitnesses are, to be preferred especially in circumstances where the ordinary observer could have accurately reported what transpired and, more specifically, when they deal with facts known by most contemporaries.
- 92. 6. If two independently created sources agree on the matter, the reliability of each is measurably enhanced.
- 93. 7. When two sources disagree and there is no other means of evaluation, then historians take the source which seems to accord best with common sense.
- 95. Questions raised by R.J. Shafer to evaluate eyewitness testimony: Is the real meaning of the statement different from its literal meaning? Are words used in sense not employed today? Is the statement meant to be ironic (mean other than it says)?
- 96. How could the author observe the things he reports? Were his sense equal to the observation? Was his physical location suitable to sight, hearing, touch? Did he have the proper social ability to observe: did he understand the language, have other expertise required (e.g., law, military); he was not being intimidated by his wife or the secret police?
- 97. How did the author report? and, what was his ability to do so? Do his statements seem inherently improbable: e.g., contrary to human nature, or in conflict with what we know?
- 98. Remember that some types of information are easier to observe and report on than others. Are there inner contradictions in the document?
- 100. 1. On whose primary testimony does the secondary witness base his statements? 2. Did the secondary witness accurately report the primary testimony as a whole? 3. If not, in what details did he accurately report the primary testimony?
- 101. Oral Tradition
- 102. 1.Broad conditions stated. 2.Particular conditions formulated
- 103. Synthesis: Historical Reasoning One individual pieces of information have been assessed in context, hypotheses can be formed and established by historical reasoning.
- 104. Generalization in Historical Research As in all research, researchers who conduct historical studies should exercise caution in generalizing from small or non-representative samples.