ideology and constitution of Pakistan .pdf
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The document discusses the 1857 revolt against British rule in India and its causes and impacts. It notes that the revolt was sparked by the introduction of new firearms that Hindus and Muslims found religiously objectionable, as well as political, economic, social, and military discrimination by the British. While the revolt shook British control, it ultimately failed due to a lack of clear leadership and plans. The document also examines Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's contributions to educational and political reforms for Muslims after the revolt.
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ideology and constitution of Pakistan .pdf
- 1. Assignment Name :Abdul Qadeer Ideology and constitutionof Pakistan
- 2. The War of Independence 1857: • revolt of 1857 was conscious of beginning of the Independence struggle against the colonial tyranny of the British. There are various names for the revolt of 1857 – India’s First War of Independence or Sepoy mutani or The rebilion 1857. • Reason: • The immediate factor was the introduction of the ‘Enfield’ rifle. The cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. Indian sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with either pig fat or made from cow fat. This was against the Hindu and Muslim sentiments.
- 3. Causes: • The revolt of 1857 was initiated due to various factors which are stated below: • Religious & Social Causes – Racism or racial discrimination was believed to be a major reason for the revolt of 1857 wherein Indians were exploited and were kept away from mixing with Europeans. The whites also started interfering in the religious and cultural affairs of Indians and tortured them as well. • Political Causes – The British expansion had led to the propagation of unjust policies that led to the loss of power of the Nawabs and Zamindars residing at various places of India. • Economic Factors –There were various reforms in the taxation and revenue system that affected the peasants’ heavily. • Military Factors – The Indian soldiers faced a lot of discrimination from the British officials with respect to their salaries, pensions, promotions. Indians were subjugated in the military while their European counterparts faced no such discrimination.
- 4. Impact: • The revolt of 1857 shook the foundation of British East India Company and disclosed their inefficiency in handling the Indian administration. The major impact was the introduction of the Government of India Act, 1858 which abolished the rule of British East India Company and marked the beginning of British raj that bestowed powers in the hands of the British government to rule India directly through representatives. • Failure of this revolt: • The sepoys lacked one clear leader; there were several. They also did not have a coherent plan by which the foreigners would be routed. • Indian rulers who aided the revolt did not envision any plan for the country after the British were defeated. • Majorly northern India was affected by this revolt. The three presidencies of Bengal, Bombay and Madras remained mostly unaffected.
- 5. Contribution of sir Syed Ahmed Khan • Sir Syed born in 17th October 1817 in dehli And died at age of 80 in 1898. in Aligarh. • His major contributions are: • 1.Hindu Muslim Unity: Though initially espousing Hindu–Muslim unity, he later became the pioneer of Muslim nationalism in India and is widely credited as the father of the two-nation theory, which formed the basis of the Pakistan movement. • 2.Service in East India and retirement:In 1838,Syed Ahmad entered the service of East India Company and went on to become a judge at a Small Causes Court in 1867, retiring from this position in 1876. 3.Indian Munity 1857: During the Indian Mutiny of 1857, he remained loyal to the British Raj and was noted for his actions in saving European lives.After the rebellion, he penned the booklet The Causes of the Indian Mutiny – a daring critique, at the time, of various British policies that he blamed for causing the revolt. Believing that the future of Muslims was threatened by the rigidity of their orthodox outlook, Sir Ahmad began promoting Western–style scientific education by founding modern schools and journals and organizing Islamic entrepreneurs.
- 6. • 4. Educational Reforms: • Victoria School at Ghazipur in 1863, and a scientific society for Muslims in 1863. In 1875, founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, the first Muslim university in Southern Asia. During his career, Syed repeatedly called upon Muslims to loyally serve the British Raj and promoted the adoption of Urdu as the lingua franca of all Indian Muslims. Syed criticized the Indian National Congress.
- 7. Anti Muslimmovement: • In later years of the 19th century, the Aligarh movement was an initiative to set up a system of Western-style scientific education in British India for the Muslim population. The origin of the movement is from Aligarh, which is where it has derived its name from. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the founder of Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College and some institutions that developed from it. • Objectives: • To promote and maintain the economic and political significance of the Muslim community • To build a sense of trust between the Muslim community and the government • Outcomes: During the 20th century, the influence of this movement was visible in the other regions of the Indian sub-continent other than North India. The growth of institutes including Osmania University, Jamia Millia Islamia, Dacca University, and Aligarh Muslim University was promoted by the annual Educational conferences that took place in different parts of the country.
- 8. • Muslims and the Demand for Separate Electorates: • The demand for a separate electorate for Muslims was conceded in 1909. • In 1906, a Muslim delegation requested the establishment of separate electorates for Muslims. • In 1909, the Morley-Minto Reforms granted separate electorates to Muslims. • Explanation: • In October 1906 the Viceroy Lord Minto received the Simla Deputation consisting of Muslim leaders from all over India. They demanded separate electorates from the British and representation in excess of their population. This was in the most immediate sense triggered by the divergent Hindu and Muslim reactions to the Partition of Bengal of 1905 and the promise made in July 1906 by the new Liberal British government for constitutional reforms of a representative nature. Minto in his reply stated that he understood the Deputation’s demand that Muslims must be represented as a community.
- 9. • Effect: • On 21st March 1907, the Government of India’s despatch gave four seats to the Muslims n the Viceroy’s Council. Two to be filled by nomination and the other two by election through separate electorates [2]. The Secretary of State John Morley sent out his own despatch on 17th May 1907 affirming separate representation • Formation of Muslim League: • The Muslim League, formed a few months after the Simla Deputation, responded by pointing out this ‘marked gap’ in thinking . The League demanded ten electives seats, all to be filled by exclusive Muslim electorates, with no nominations. It sent its suggestions to the government in March 1908. • Result: • Indians were given membership to the Imperial Legislative Council for the first time. It introduced separate electorates for the Muslims. Some constituencies were earmarked for Muslims and only Muslims could vote their representatives. The members could discuss the budget and move resolutions.
- 10. Khilafat Movement : • The Khilafat Movement dated between 1919 and 1924, was a pan-Islamicmovement of political protest campaign, launched by the Muslims in British India to influence the British Government and to protect the Ottoman Empire after the First World War. Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, in most cases,were the ones who launched the Khilafat Movement. • Background: • Germany received assistancefrom the Ottoman Empire (founded in Turkey) during World War I. However, the UK and its spouses lost the confrontation and opted to isolate Aves and close the Caliphate Union. Once facing Istanbul’s impeachment and therefore the Treaty of Versailles, the location of the Caliph was accessible. Among Muslims who saw the caliphate as an image of unification, this resulted in dissent. Muslims in India expressed that their support for the British government counted on trusting the basics that Turkey’s heavenly places could be secured and covered while Turkey was unlikely to shed any of the domains. Nevertheless, the English government wasn’t able to keep its side for the assure.
- 11. • Causes: • The leading cause was the fear of the disappearance of Khilafat or the Islamic Caliphate. The Caliph was the Khalifa, or the leader of the global Muslim community. After World War 1, the Allies planned to dissolve the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. This worried Indian Muslims as they feared the end of Khilafat. It would impact the pan- Islamic unity and brotherhood. • Indian Muslims were concerned about the fate of the holy cities of Mecca and Madina. These sites were under the control of the Ottoman Empire. If Turkey lost power, they feared non-Muslims would control the holy cities. This worried the religious sentiments of Indian Muslims. • Another cause was the feeling of betrayal among Indian Muslims. During the war, India supported the British by sending troops to fight with the Allies. The British had promised to safeguard Islamic interestsafter the war. However, now they were planning to dissolve the Ottoman Empire. This upset the Indian Muslims and made them feel betrayed. • The extreme views of leaders like Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali fueled the movement. They spread the fear that the end of Khilafat would lead to the decline of Islam as a world religion. They positioned the issue as a fight for the freedom and rights of all Muslims. This pushed more Muslims to join the protest movement. • Gandhi’s support gave the movement a major boost. Gandhi saw an opportunity to form a Hindu-Muslim alliance against the British.
- 12. • Importance of the Khilafat Movement • The Khilafat Movement holds significance in Indian history. • • It showcased the political consciousness and unity of Indian Muslims in their support for a cause beyond their immediate national interests. • It fostered Hindu-Muslim unity and cooperation. It promoted a sense of solidarity against British colonial rule. • The movement had an alliance with the Indian National Congress under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership. This demonstrated the convergence of different religious and political groups in the struggle for independence. • Result: • Although the Khilafat Movement failed in its main demand of saving the caliphate, it led to Hindu-Muslim unity for a while and strengthened the Indian independence movement.