ideology and constitution of Pakistan .pdf

Assignment
Name :Abdul Qadeer
Ideology and constitutionof Pakistan

The War of Independence 1857:
• revolt of 1857 was conscious of beginning of the Independence
struggle against the colonial tyranny of the British. There are various
names for the revolt of 1857 – India’s First War of Independence or
Sepoy mutani or The rebilion 1857.
• Reason:
• The immediate factor was the introduction of the ‘Enfield’ rifle. The
cartridge had to be bitten off before loading it into the gun. Indian
sepoys believed that the cartridge was greased with either pig fat or
made from cow fat. This was against the Hindu and Muslim
sentiments.

Causes:
• The revolt of 1857 was initiated due to various factors which are stated below:
• Religious & Social Causes – Racism or racial discrimination was believed to be
a major reason for the revolt of 1857 wherein Indians were exploited and
were kept away from mixing with Europeans. The whites also started
interfering in the religious and cultural affairs of Indians and tortured them as
well.
• Political Causes – The British expansion had led to the propagation of unjust
policies that led to the loss of power of the Nawabs and Zamindars residing at
various places of India.
• Economic Factors –There were various reforms in the taxation and revenue
system that affected the peasants’ heavily.
• Military Factors – The Indian soldiers faced a lot of discrimination from the
British officials with respect to their salaries, pensions, promotions. Indians
were subjugated in the military while their European counterparts faced no
such discrimination.

Impact:
• The revolt of 1857 shook the foundation of British East India Company and
disclosed their inefficiency in handling the Indian administration. The major
impact was the introduction of the Government of India Act, 1858 which
abolished the rule of British East India Company and marked the beginning of
British raj that bestowed powers in the hands of the British government to rule
India directly through representatives.
• Failure of this revolt:
• The sepoys lacked one clear leader; there were several. They also did not have a
coherent plan by which the foreigners would be routed.
• Indian rulers who aided the revolt did not envision any plan for the country after
the British were defeated.
• Majorly northern India was affected by this revolt. The three presidencies of
Bengal, Bombay and Madras remained mostly unaffected.

Contribution of sir Syed Ahmed Khan
• Sir Syed born in 17th October 1817 in dehli And died at age of 80 in 1898. in Aligarh.
• His major contributions are:
• 1.Hindu Muslim Unity: Though initially espousing Hindu–Muslim unity, he later
became the pioneer of Muslim nationalism in India and is widely credited as the
father of the two-nation theory, which formed the basis of the Pakistan movement.
• 2.Service in East India and retirement:In 1838,Syed Ahmad entered the service of
East India Company and went on to become a judge at a Small Causes Court in 1867,
retiring from this position in 1876.
3.Indian Munity 1857: During the Indian Mutiny of 1857, he remained loyal to the
British Raj and was noted for his actions in saving European lives.After the rebellion,
he penned the booklet The Causes of the Indian Mutiny – a daring critique, at the
time, of various British policies that he blamed for causing the revolt. Believing that
the future of Muslims was threatened by the rigidity of their orthodox outlook, Sir
Ahmad began promoting Western–style scientific education by founding modern
schools and journals and organizing Islamic entrepreneurs.

• 4. Educational Reforms:
• Victoria School at Ghazipur in 1863, and a scientific society for Muslims in
1863. In 1875, founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, the first
Muslim university in Southern Asia. During his career, Syed repeatedly called
upon Muslims to loyally serve the British Raj and promoted the adoption of
Urdu as the lingua franca of all Indian Muslims. Syed criticized the Indian
National Congress.

Anti Muslimmovement:
• In later years of the 19th century, the Aligarh movement was an initiative to set
up a system of Western-style scientific education in British India for the
Muslim population. The origin of the movement is from Aligarh, which is
where it has derived its name from. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the founder of
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College and some institutions that developed
from it.
• Objectives:
• To promote and maintain the economic and political significance of the
Muslim community
• To build a sense of trust between the Muslim community and the government
• Outcomes: During the 20th century, the influence of this movement was
visible in the other regions of the Indian sub-continent other than North India.
The growth of institutes including Osmania University, Jamia Millia Islamia,
Dacca University, and Aligarh Muslim University was promoted by the annual
Educational conferences that took place in different parts of the country.

• Muslims and the Demand for Separate Electorates:
• The demand for a separate electorate for Muslims was conceded in 1909.
• In 1906, a Muslim delegation requested the establishment of separate
electorates for Muslims.
• In 1909, the Morley-Minto Reforms granted separate electorates to Muslims.
• Explanation:
• In October 1906 the Viceroy Lord Minto received the Simla Deputation
consisting of Muslim leaders from all over India. They demanded separate
electorates from the British and representation in excess of their population.
This was in the most immediate sense triggered by the divergent Hindu and
Muslim reactions to the Partition of Bengal of 1905 and the promise made in
July 1906 by the new Liberal British government for constitutional reforms of a
representative nature. Minto in his reply stated that he understood the
Deputation’s demand that Muslims must be represented as a community.

• Effect:
• On 21st March 1907, the Government of India’s despatch gave four seats to
the Muslims n the Viceroy’s Council. Two to be filled by nomination and the
other two by election through separate electorates [2]. The Secretary of
State John Morley sent out his own despatch on 17th May 1907 affirming
separate representation
• Formation of Muslim League:
• The Muslim League, formed a few months after the Simla Deputation,
responded by pointing out this ‘marked gap’ in thinking . The League
demanded ten electives seats, all to be filled by exclusive Muslim electorates,
with no nominations. It sent its suggestions to the government in March
1908.
• Result:
• Indians were given membership to the Imperial Legislative Council for the
first time. It introduced separate electorates for the Muslims. Some
constituencies were earmarked for Muslims and only Muslims could vote
their representatives. The members could discuss the budget and move
resolutions.

Khilafat Movement :
• The Khilafat Movement dated between 1919 and 1924, was a pan-Islamicmovement
of political protest campaign, launched by the Muslims in British India to influence the
British Government and to protect the Ottoman Empire after the First World War.
Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, in most cases,were the ones who launched the
Khilafat Movement.
• Background:
• Germany received assistancefrom the Ottoman Empire (founded in Turkey) during
World War I. However, the UK and its spouses lost the confrontation and opted to
isolate Aves and close the Caliphate Union. Once facing Istanbul’s impeachment and
therefore the Treaty of Versailles, the location of the Caliph was accessible. Among
Muslims who saw the caliphate as an image of unification, this resulted in dissent.
Muslims in India expressed that their support for the British government counted on
trusting the basics that Turkey’s heavenly places could be secured and covered while
Turkey was unlikely to shed any of the domains. Nevertheless, the English government
wasn’t able to keep its side for the assure.

• Causes:
• The leading cause was the fear of the disappearance of Khilafat or the Islamic
Caliphate. The Caliph was the Khalifa, or the leader of the global Muslim community.
After World War 1, the Allies planned to dissolve the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. This
worried Indian Muslims as they feared the end of Khilafat. It would impact the pan-
Islamic unity and brotherhood.
• Indian Muslims were concerned about the fate of the holy cities of Mecca and Madina.
These sites were under the control of the Ottoman Empire. If Turkey lost power, they
feared non-Muslims would control the holy cities. This worried the religious
sentiments of Indian Muslims.
• Another cause was the feeling of betrayal among Indian Muslims. During the war, India
supported the British by sending troops to fight with the Allies. The British had
promised to safeguard Islamic interestsafter the war. However, now they were
planning to dissolve the Ottoman Empire. This upset the Indian Muslims and made
them feel betrayed.
• The extreme views of leaders like Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali fueled the
movement. They spread the fear that the end of Khilafat would lead to the decline of
Islam as a world religion. They positioned the issue as a fight for the freedom and
rights of all Muslims. This pushed more Muslims to join the protest movement.
• Gandhi’s support gave the movement a major boost. Gandhi saw an opportunity to
form a Hindu-Muslim alliance against the British.

• Importance of the Khilafat Movement
• The Khilafat Movement holds significance in Indian history.
•
• It showcased the political consciousness and unity of Indian Muslims in their
support for a cause beyond their immediate national interests.
• It fostered Hindu-Muslim unity and cooperation. It promoted a sense of solidarity
against British colonial rule.
• The movement had an alliance with the Indian National Congress under
Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership. This demonstrated the convergence of different
religious and political groups in the struggle for independence.
• Result:
• Although the Khilafat Movement failed in its main demand of saving the
caliphate, it led to Hindu-Muslim unity for a while and strengthened the Indian
independence movement.

ideology and constitution of Pakistan .pdf

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ideology and constitution of Pakistan .pdf