The Role of Fishbone Diagram in Analyzing Cause and Effect
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A fishbone diagram is one of the various techniques available for conducting cause-and-effect analyses. It provides a structured way to identify and organize the potential causes contributing to a particular problem or effect. It allows the establishment and presentation of causal relationships in a straightforward and understandable format.
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The Role of Fishbone Diagram in Analyzing Cause and Effect
- 1. CITOOLKIT Fishbone Diagram The Role of Fishbone Diagram in Analyzing Cause and Effect
- 2. citoolkit.com Definition A fishbone diagram provides a structured way to identify and organize the potential causes of a problem (or effect). Fishbone Diagram 2 It allows to establish and present the cause-and-effect relationship in an easy and understandable format.
- 3. citoolkit.com Definition It is called this way because of its visual representation that looks like the skeleton of a fish. Fishbone Diagram 3
- 4. citoolkit.com Uses Often used during brainstorming sessions to identify the causes of an undesirable effect or a problem. Fishbone Diagram 4 By going through the steps of drawing the diagram with your team, everyone gains insight into the cause-and-effect, which makes the solution easier to find later One of the various tools that can be used to perform cause-and-effect analysis.
- 5. citoolkit.com Uses Often used in Lean Six Sigma and other quality improvement approaches to narrow down the area of analysis. Fishbone Diagram 5 Helps to identify the potential causes of an effect or problem in order to identify a solution that can be effective Causes Effects
- 6. citoolkit.com Uses Used to identify the sources of variation within a process which causes a problem to occur. Fishbone Diagram 6 This brings attention to the primary factors affecting the quality of a product or service.
- 7. citoolkit.com Benefits Provides clarity regarding the causes of an effect in any problematic scenario. Fishbone Diagram 7 The outcome of the fishbone analysis will provide useful information to later problem- solving tools.
- 8. citoolkit.com Benefits Fishbone Diagram 8 Identifies the potential factors that may cause an effect to prevent future problems (cause prevention). Can be used to identify the causes of risks. A teamwork exercise that helps to capture and organize people's knowledge of a process. Can be used in product and process design to plan new processes.
- 9. citoolkit.com Structure The first step in conducting a fishbone analysis is to clearly define the effect. Fishbone Diagram 9 This could be a quality issue, a technical issue, or simply not meeting a performance target.
- 10. citoolkit.com Structure The effect will become the head of the fishbone. Fishbone Diagram 10 Effect • Should be brief. • Use numbers where possible. Take a moment with the team to think about the effect. Does everyone agree on what it is?
- 11. citoolkit.com Structure The causes will be placed in the branches of the chart. Fishbone Diagram 11 Each cause needs to be put into a category for easier sharing and reference Effect Cause Category
- 12. citoolkit.com Structure A fishbone diagram allows to identify the hierarchy of causes including the possible root causes. Fishbone Diagram 12 Lines can be used to connect the series of linked causes Root causes are normally those at the ends of the chains of causes that do not have any sub causes Effect Potential cause Sub cause Cause Category
- 13. citoolkit.com Structure Combining the fishbone with the 5 whys gives the analysis an extra dimension. Fishbone Diagram 13 1 2 3 Effect Category Potential cause 5 whys can be used to dig deeper and go beyond symptoms
- 14. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes Potential causes in a fishbone diagram are normally grouped into categories for easier sharing and reference. Fishbone Diagram 14 These categories are used to label the different branches on the fishbone diagram.
- 15. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes There are different approaches of constructing a fishbone diagram indicated by the branch labels. Fishbone Diagram 15 4 6 8 There is no right or wrong way to do that!
- 16. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes – 4 Ms One of the most basic forms to group the potential causes of a problem or effect. These categories typically include Man, Method, Machine and Material. Fishbone Diagram 16 Material Method Machine Man 4
- 17. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes – 6 Ms The most common way to categorize potential causes of a problem or effect. Commonly used in manufacturing and production environments. Fishbone Diagram 17 Measurement Environment Method Machine Material Man 6
- 18. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes – 6 Ms Man – Anyone involved with the process and contributes to the effect Including governance and support functions. Fishbone Diagram 18
- 19. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes – 6 Ms Method – How the process is performed and the specific requirements for doing it. Fishbone Diagram 19 Procedures Common practices Work instructions Rules and policies
- 20. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes – 6 Ms Machine – The machinery, equipment and tools required to perform the process. Fishbone Diagram 20
- 21. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes – 6 Ms Material – All the materials needed to perform a process. Fishbone Diagram 21 Parts Information Packaging Raw materials Paperwork
- 22. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes – 6 Ms Environment – The conditions in which the process operates. Fishbone Diagram 22 Time Culture Temperature Location
- 23. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes – 6 Ms Measurement – The data and metrics that are used to evaluate the performance of the process. Fishbone Diagram 23
- 24. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes – 6 Ms Different names may be used for the same category depending on the situation and on the user's choice. Fishbone Diagram 24 Man – Men – Manpower – People – Labor Machine – Machinery – Equipment – Tools – Systems Measurement – Metrics – Inspection Method – Process – Procedure Environment – Mother Nature – Milieu
- 25. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes – 8 Ms Adds Management and Maintenance to the 6 M categories. Fishbone Diagram 25 8 Man Method Material Machine Mother nature Measurement Management Maintenance 4 Ms 4 Ms 4 Ms
- 26. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes When you are working on an affinity diagram, you can use the titles of the affinity groups as the basis for categorization. Fishbone Diagram 26 Social Economic Cultural The items within each affinity group can be the potential causes Cultural Economic Social
- 27. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes When the effect results from a documented or mapped process, the process steps can be used as the basis for categorization. Fishbone Diagram 27 10 Prepare expense report Employee 20 Approve and Sign Dept. Manager 30 Approve and Sign Controller 40 Pay employee Payroll Officer The process input variables (design factors) can be the potential causes Pay employee Approve and sign Prepare expense report
- 28. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes You may also create subcategories of a main category and include it in new branches. Fishbone Diagram 28 Material Measurement Man Suggestions Man Kaizens Method Man Training Remember to avoid writing real names of persons under the “Man” category.
- 29. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes You may even rename or create your own branches that best suit your project. Fishbone Diagram 29 Heart Mind Soul Body Fishbone analysis can also be used in our personal lives to create ideas about the certain personal issues and how to avoid them.
- 30. citoolkit.com Grouping Potential Causes Typical Categories for Manufacturing and Non-Manufacturing Processes. Fishbone Diagram 30 Machine Manpower Material Measurement Method Environment Manufacturing Equipment People Policies and Procedures Environment Administration and Services
- 31. citoolkit.com Steps for Drawing a Fishbone Diagram Fishbone Diagram 31 With your team, clearly define the effect that you want to work on • Write the effect statement in a box at the center right of a large piece of paper (or on a wall). • Draw a long horizontal line pointing to the box.
- 32. citoolkit.com Steps for Drawing a Fishbone Diagram Fishbone Diagram 32 Identify the cause categories using the 4Ms or any other approach • Write them in boxes parallel to the horizontal line.
- 33. citoolkit.com Steps for Drawing a Fishbone Diagram Fishbone Diagram 33 Use brainstorming to log all possible causes under the appropriate categories • Start with the main causes and then the secondary causes and so on. • Use 5 whys to get to the root causes.
- 34. citoolkit.com Steps for Drawing a Fishbone Diagram Fishbone Diagram 34 Take time to ensure the appropriateness of the recorded information • Update the chart as new potential causes become apparent.
- 35. citoolkit.com Steps for Drawing a Fishbone Diagram Fishbone Diagram 35 Highlight or assign numbers near to the key causes to indicate their relative importance • Draw links between causes that are related. 2 1 3 4 5
- 36. citoolkit.com Steps for Drawing a Fishbone Diagram Fishbone Diagram 36 If necessary, collect data to confirm key causes are real • Plan and implement actions to address the key causes.
- 37. citoolkit.com Example – Increased Invoice Errors Fishbone Diagram 37 Increased Invoice Errors Cumbersome process Manual data entry Inadequate printers Incompatible system System not integrated Noisy office Poor ergonomics Poor technical support Low morale Poor audit system Delayed paper supply Increased workload Man Measure Material Environment Equipment Method Poor paper quality
- 38. citoolkit.com Example – Increased Coolant Consumption Fishbone Diagram 38 High Coolant Consumption Man Measure Material Environment Machine Method Adjusting concentration settings Blocked hoses Machine leakage Materials in trench Machine breakdown Adding WBLF to the tank Evaporation in summer Poor shift communication Delayed measurement WBLF measured for all lines Biocide level Antifoam level Lack of training Absenteeism Rounding
- 39. citoolkit.com Example – Coffee Flavor Fishbone Diagram 39 Over roasting Not fresh coffee beans Unclean coffee maker Low water quality Cleaning SOP not followed Machine Coffee not tasting good Material Using water from the tap Beans roasted some time ago Long roasting period Current settings
- 40. citoolkit.com Further Information Be aware of adding causes which are actually solutions. Fishbone Diagram 40 The main idea behind the fishbone analysis is to brainstorm all possible causes that may contribute to a problem, and not brainstorm solutions
- 41. citoolkit.com Further Information A cause-and-effect matrix can be used to prioritize the causes of the problem. Fishbone Diagram 41 Prioritizing and selecting the key causes will minimizes the need for more statistical analysis of inputs that are unlikely to have an impact on the output
- 42. citoolkit.com Further Information Another way of highlighting the structure of the possible causes is to use the tree diagram. Fishbone Diagram 42
- 43. citoolkit.com Further Information The measure of success for a fishbone diagram is typically the quantity of ideas generated rather than their quality. Fishbone Diagram 43 The goal is to gather a wide range of possible causes, which can then be evaluated and refined as needed.
- 44. citoolkit.com Further Information A fishbone diagram can also be used to structure the thoughts of a team. Fishbone Diagram 44 Sometimes it is useful to change the effect statement into the ideal situation and ask the team to brainstorm what produces this ideal situation.
- 45. citoolkit.com Further Information Sometimes it is useful to brainstorm out the ideas first then organize them by category later. Fishbone Diagram 45 People sometimes tend to focus more on the categories than the content and this slow down and restricts their thinking.
- 46. © Copyright Citoolkit.com. All Rights Reserved. CITOOLKIT Made with by The Continuous Improvement Toolkit www.citoolkit.com