Contribution of HLA HART and Analytical school and.pptxNabinGupta6
This document discusses the analytical school of jurisprudence and its influence on Nepal's legal system. It provides an overview of the analytical school, HLA Hart's criticisms of John Austin's command theory of law, Hart's concept of primary and secondary rules, and how the analytical school's view of law as the command of a sovereign state can be seen in Nepal where the constitution establishes a supreme sovereign body that makes laws that citizens must follow. The document concludes that the analytical school has contributed to the development of legal systems worldwide and its influence is evident in Nepal's adoption of a scientific approach to lawmaking.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the Canadian legal system. It discusses:
1) The importance of studying Canadian law given the country's diversity and need for a common set of rules.
2) Core theories of law including positivism, natural legal theory, realism, and critical legal theories.
3) Central ideas like constitutional monarchy, democracy, federalism, parliamentary supremacy, and the rule of law.
4) The main branches of government - judicial, legislative, and executive - and Canada's unitary court system.
The document discusses different types of laws in the United States legal system. It outlines four principal types of laws: statutory laws passed by legislatures, common laws based on precedents, administrative laws created by government agencies, and constitutional laws based on the U.S. Constitution. It also discusses some key rights in the U.S. legal system such as the right to a lawyer, right to bail, right to a jury trial, presumption of innocence, right against self-incrimination, right to cross-examine witnesses, right to accurate evidence, and right to appeal a conviction.
The document provides an overview of the U.S. legal system and sources of law. It defines law and describes the functions of law in maintaining order and promoting justice. It discusses the development of English common law and its influence on the American legal system. It also outlines the various sources of law in the U.S., including constitutions, statutes, regulations, and court decisions. It emphasizes that the U.S. Constitution is the highest law in the land and takes precedence over all other sources of law.
Week 1 - Introduction and the Canadian Legal System (1)(1).pptxMariaPatino16
This document provides an introduction to the Canadian legal system. It discusses key topics including the sources of Canadian law such as legislation, common law, and the Quebec Civil Code. It outlines the hierarchy of courts in Canada and explains the roles of Parliament, legislatures, and courts. It also distinguishes between public law, private law, criminal law, and civil law. The document introduces important constitutional concepts like the division of powers between federal and provincial governments. Finally, it discusses the role of precedent in common law and how legislation and administrative tribunals fit within Canada's legal framework.
This document provides an overview of comparative law and different legal traditions around the world. It discusses the importance of understanding legal systems other than one's own and describes some key features of the major legal traditions: common law, civil law, socialist law, and Islamic law. For each tradition, it examines historical origins, basic structural features like use of written codes versus precedent, adversarial versus inquisitorial procedures, and role of judicial review. Specific examples are given of legal systems from different countries and cultures to illustrate variations within the overarching traditions.
This document discusses key concepts and features of law. It defines law and outlines its origins and development. It describes different types of law, including general law, foreign law, private international law, conventional law, and special laws. The sources of law are discussed, including custom, religion, judicial decisions, legislation, scientific commentaries, and equity. Salmond's classification of formal and material sources of law is also presented. Finally, the document outlines important features of law such as applicability, uniformity, and its role in establishing order in society.
EDLD804 Constitutional Law Chapter 1 PresentationPaul Gruhn
As a part of the EDLD808 Law in Education course at University of Bridgeport, each student was required to present on a chapter in Alexander, Kern, & Alexander (2011) Educational Law textbook. I did chapter one. This is the presentation,
Law is defined in several ways according to different philosophies and perspectives. Generally, law consists of rules imposed by a governing authority to maintain order and justice in society. There are different types of law including private law, which governs relationships between individuals, and public law, which deals with state powers and authorities. Laws originate from various sources over time, such as customs, religion, judicial precedents, and more recently, legislation passed by governing bodies. The legislative process involves bills being introduced, debated, and voted on before becoming law.
The document discusses several key aspects of the Australian legal system. It begins by examining definitions of law and jurisprudence, and whether law is subjective. It then outlines some purposes of having laws and a legal system, including achieving order and resolving disputes. The document discusses concepts of justice, natural justice, and the rule of law. It also examines sources of law like legislation, case law, and treaties. Finally, it provides overviews of international law, how treaties are established, and how to read legislation and case law.
The document discusses social work and law. It begins by defining key legal terms used in social work practice such as duty, power, responsibilities, rights, and acts. It explains that laws regulate social conduct and relationships between citizens and the state. The relationship between law and social work is then explored, noting that many social work clients interact with legal systems and practitioners must understand relevant laws. Laws discussed include the Law of the Child Act, the Law of Disability Act, the Sexual Offences Special Provisions Act, and the Law of Marriage Act. The document also covers the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act and identifies anti-oppressive practices and limitations of law in social work.
The document outlines a chapter that discusses the US federal judicial system. It covers the structure of the system, including the district courts, courts of appeal, and Supreme Court. It also addresses the process of selecting judges and justices, the backgrounds of judges, and the role of courts in making policy decisions. Key topics covered include the nomination and confirmation process, how courts accept cases, and how decisions are made.
The document outlines a chapter that discusses the US federal judicial system. It covers the structure of the system, including the district courts, courts of appeal, and Supreme Court. It also addresses the process of selecting judges and justices, the backgrounds of judges, and the role of courts in making policy decisions. Key topics covered include the nomination and confirmation process, how courts accept and decide cases, and implementing judicial rulings.
Many people are unfamiliar with the American Criminal Justice System, so this presentation condenses primary and necessary concepts for easy comprehension so that all can understand how the system functions and why!
Disclaimer: this presentation was completed for an in-class assignment at Rockhurst University. The "for Dummies" branding is not my own and was simply used as a format for the assignment concept.
The document discusses different legal systems around the world:
- Islamic law is derived from the Quran and teachings of Muhammad, and prohibits things like interest payments.
- Socialist/Marxist law aims to achieve a communist society with state ownership and central planning.
- Common law is based on precedents from past court cases. Judges' rulings in individual cases establish principles that guide future similar cases.
- Civil/code law is based on detailed legal codes that establish rules for conducting business and other activities. Judges play a larger role than lawyers in civil systems.
It also notes some differences between how intellectual property is handled under common vs. code law.
The document discusses different legal systems and methods for resolving international disputes. It covers four main legal systems - Islamic law, common law, civil/code law, and socialist law. For international disputes, the preferred methods are conciliation (mediation), arbitration, and as a last resort, litigation in domestic courts. Conciliation aims to reach a negotiated agreement, arbitration involves a private third party decision, and litigation occurs through public court proceedings.
This document provides an overview of the interpretation of law. It discusses various rules of interpretation used by courts to ascertain the meaning and legislative intent of statutes, including:
- The literal rule of interpretation, which gives importance to the ordinary meaning of words and phrases.
- The golden rule of interpretation, which allows modifying the words to avoid absurdity while interpreting statutes.
- The mischief rule of interpretation, which requires adopting a construction that suppresses the mischief and advances the remedy.
- The rule of ejusdem generis, which confines a general word following specific words to things of the same kind.
The document provides an introduction to various topics related to law, including definitions and sources of law. It discusses the following:
- Definitions of law provided by jurists such as John Austin and Thomas Hobbes.
- Sources of law including religious law, natural law, man-made law, and different types of each.
- Branches of law such as public law, private law, constitutional law, criminal law, and administrative law.
- Concepts such as justice, sanctions, legislation, precedent, custom, Sharia, fiqh, and sources of Islamic law including the Quran and Sunnah.
CUSTOMARY LAW ,FOR LAW STUDENTS TEACHING MATELIAL INCLUDEDSaabbaaMan
The document discusses various theories of customary law, including how custom becomes law. It examines theories that require tacit consent, acceptance and practice as law, or a custom falling into disuse. It also discusses legal transplantation and the influence of colonialism on customary law in Africa. During the colonial period, Europeans used tests like the barbaric test and repugnancy test to evaluate African customary laws. Post-colonially, some countries favored restoring traditional laws while others took a more modern approach. Human rights are now used as a test for whether customs violate fundamental rights.
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THE MAHARASHTRA RENT CONTROL ACT, 1999.pdfNitin Chalwadi
Understanding the Maharashtra Rent Control Act, 1999, is essential for both landlords and tenants in Maharashtra. The Act ensures that rental practices are fair, transparent, and regulated, fostering a harmonious relationship between landlords and tenants.
Body Corporates Beware: Defamation in Sectional Title SchemesAshwini Singh
Defamation in Body Corporates of Sectional Title Schemes (South Africa)
Examples of Slander in a Body Corporate:
- Unit Owner A makes a false statement that Unit Owner J is being sequestrated and foreclosed at an Annual General Meeting.
- Body Corporate Chairman O makes a false statement that a
registered Professional Land Surveyor has committed fraud at an Annual General Meeting.
Examples of Libel in a Body Corporate:
- Former Trustee A makes false statements via email (sent to multiple other owners) that Unit Owner J is illegally parking on common property, when Unit Owner J is parked within a registered Exclusive Use Area.
- Unit Owner A makes false statements via email (sent to multiple other owners) that accuse specific owners and occupants of creating network names that Unit Owner A finds offensive.
Case Law: Body Corporate of Sunnyside Gardens v Perreira
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Why Degree Certificate Attestation is Crucial for Immigration Processes.pdfandrewabshire123
Degree certificate attestation is the process of verifying the authenticity of a degree certificate by relevant authorities to ensure its validity for use in foreign countries for educational or employment purposes.
What are the Conditions for Obtaining British Citizenship by Descent?BridgeWest.eu
The formalities for obtaining UK citizenship can be explained by our experts in immigration. Information and contact details can be found here:
https://uk-immigration.lawyer/citizenship-by-descent-in-the-uk/
The Russian Spy Embedded in the World of Embedded FinanceVladislav Solodkiy
When Vladimir Putin launched his full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the world responded with a swift and unprecedented wave of sanctions. Within months, the financial landscape for Russian companies, particularly those associated with oligarchs supporting Putin and his war, underwent a seismic shift. Access to foreign banking services, once taken for granted, became a scarce and highly sought-after commodity. The Wirecard scandal and the involvement of Jan Marsalek have highlighted stark differences in how Singapore and Russia, under Vladimir Putin's leadership, approach fintech and its potential use for money laundering and espionage. Catherine Belton's (FT, WSJ) book "Putin's People" provides numerous examples and insights into the behavior patterns of Putin-related oligarchs, especially the tendency to say one thing and do another (including the Wirecard-like scandal schemes). This duplicity is a recurring theme in the behavior of many Putin-era oligarchs, reflecting their background and strategies derived from KGB practices. Despite these settlements, both Fridman and Abramovich have been sanctioned by the US and UK for their connections to Putin and alleged support for his activities, including the invasion of Ukraine. This juxtaposition highlights the pattern of public denial and legal action against accusations while simultaneously being implicated by international authorities for their close ties to the Kremlin and support for Putin's regime. In many instances, Putin-related oligarchs would verbally justify actions like canceling deals using strategic reasons (such as ROFR?). However, their written communications would often cite absurd or unrelated reasons (such as "the inability to attract financing"?) without logically explaining how this related to their actual strategic maneuvers. This pattern of giving one explanation verbally and another in writing creates a veil of confusion and obscures their true intentions and actions. Belton's extensive research and interviews with key players reveal a consistent theme of manipulation and strategic deception, characteristic of the ex-Soviet oligarchs' approach to consolidating power and wealth under Putin's regime. These are just a few examples of the far-reaching consequences of the sanctions and the ongoing efforts to combat money laundering and financial crime associated with the Russian regime. The situation continues to evolve as governments and international organizations tighten the screws on those who seek to evade accountability and profit from war and corruption.
This presentation covers the fundamental principles of taxation law, focusing on the provisions within the Indian Constitution (Articles 264-289) that deal with finance, contracts, and property. It outlines the need for government finance, details the Income Tax Act of 1961, and discusses the distribution of revenues between the union and states. The presentation also delves into the structure of income tax, including its determination, exemptions, deductions, and the categorization of income. Additionally, it explores the residential status for tax purposes and distinguishes between capital and revenue receipts and expenditures.